Prevention, diagnosis and therapy
160 articles
Anti trachea mite. — From Bogena. The mite ( Sternostoma tracheacolum ) occurs in canaries and Gouldian finch, but has also been found in other beautiful finches, Japanese gulls, goldfinches, …
The Infirmary: Part 14. — Just like humans, a sick bird needs warmth and care. Heat and good hygiene are especially important. Having a sick cage available is therefore highly …
Plucking nestlings A problem that many breeders face is that their young are plucked during breeding - tail feathers, down, feathers, sometimes even completely bald. It's really sad to see …
“Black Dot” — derived from an article by Dr. J. Vanderborght (Belgium) Black spots are caused by the circovirus, as explained in an article by Dr. J. Vanderborght. Most adult …
Fungizone Fungizone is a product that is now being used in birds with clearly visible liver damage due to infection with the Megabacterium. It is available from most good veterinarians, …
Dear canary breeders, In recent years there has been regular discussion about a striking issue among canaries: birds with an abnormally large upper beak, sometimes so large that the bird …
Dear Wout, I read your message about lumps for canaries on the internet. As a novice aviary keeper, I most likely bought a canary with lumps. I rubbed the lumps …
The danger of redstone and other grit types Below is a brief report on the problems I encountered during my 2011 breeding season, especially in the first round where only …
Feather pecking Although feather pecking can be prevented, almost all canary breeders have had to deal with it at some point. There are several possible causes; whoever identifies them correctly …
Wood pigeons and birds of prey fall dead from the sky — trichomonas Since the end of the year, the disease trichomonas has been causing massive deaths among wild wood …
Black dot and acidified drinking water This condition occurs almost exclusively in canaries. In a developing embryo, the gallbladder is temporarily abnormally large in size. Normally it shrinks back just …
Megabacteria — What Now? A terrible and until recently difficult to treat disease called megabacteria is prevalent in many of our aviaries. The name "megabacteria" is misleading: they give the …
It didn't make much difference if all anti-blood mite remedies were banned. Fortunately, the government realized in time that this was not the intention, and a number of resources are …
Also keep an eye on the stool Every bird owner would do well to regularly check the droppings of their birds. Changes in the bowel pattern can indicate all kinds …
Research into cigarette butts in bird nests Not only people love cigarettes: birds living in urban areas also regularly use the butts as nesting material. Although cigarettes are harmful to …
Black louse in our canaries — Ornithonyssus bursa (Berlese): a real nuisance The black louse, like the red mite, is an ectoparasite that lives exclusively on the outside of its …
Feather plucking can largely be prevented Feather plucking is a known problem in canary breeding and affects many fanciers every year. The frequency varies per grower, but almost everyone has …
Submitted Dear Wout, On February 1, 2013, I discovered the black spot in nestlings only a few days old. One cub after another died. I discovered Tiamutin through your website …
Submitted Many enthusiasts in Southern European countries have been struggling with the black spot for a long time and have had this investigated. In addition to the coli bacteria, mainly …
Cloaca feathers: leave alone The question recurs in many articles, meetings and lectures: should you remove the feathering from the male and female or not? My answer for most birds …
During my period as a judge I was already annoyed by it. I have already written articles about it, and unfortunately I still encounter many birds with the wrong posture …
Trichomoniasis in canary birds is unfortunately becoming more common, and breeders should pay more attention to it — also because it is transmissible. The symptoms are obvious: the bird begins …
A very effective remedy against black spot in canaries — part 2 In an earlier article, written around the year 2000, I would like to add to this. Since then, …
Green food: stay vigilant, give it in moderation Much has been written in bird science about green food. One thing is certain: many birds love green food in various forms. …
The tracheal mite and more The mite, Sternostoma tracheacolum, occurs in several bird species and settles in the trachea and air sacs, causing breathing difficulties. They can be recognized by …
Smooth, shiny and tight feathering For white birds or birds with a white background, it is important to wash them well before an exhibition. Everyone has their own method for …
Here you will find a list of plants that are poisonous to our birds. This list comes from the monthly magazine of the Parakeet Society. Always be careful with green …
Also check the droppings...(submitted) It is highly advisable for every bird owner to regularly look at the droppings of the bird(s). Changes in the stool pattern or feces can indicate …
Trichomonas gallinae ('t Geel) In ornamental birds, there are several types of protozoan parasites or flagellates that can cause disease. Trichomonas gallinae is mainly found in canaries during the summer …
Who hasn't experienced it: a beautiful litter of youngsters in the morning and in the evening they are completely plucked bare. Yes, worth crying over. But I received the following …
Roll up like a ball – Early signals: Often the bird can be seen swollen at the bottom of the cage. Unfortunately, this indicates that the bird is already very …
Ornicure. Treatment of respiratory infections, ornithosis, mycoplasmosis and eye diseases in ornamental birds, caused by doxycycline-sensitive microorganisms. CONTAINS DOXYCYCLINE - HYCLATE: available in a box of 8 sachets and a …
Causes: Ornithosis. (submitted) The most well-known and common disease in pigeons is ornithosis, which literally means 'bird disease'. This disease has been known for a long time and affects not …
News about the vaccine Dear all, In the past period we have been in contact again with Pfizer, the registration holder in the Netherlands, about the Canary Poulvac P, the …
Latest Update on the Vaccine for Canaries, by Constant van Santen I recently contacted them to inquire when the latest production of Poulvac P Canary would become available in the …
The biggest problem bird keepers face. Actually, this section should be left to an expert veterinarian. Unfortunately, veterinarians who specialize in cage and aviary birds are still few and far …
It is often said, and rightly so: "Prevention is better than cure." Certainly also for this topic. It strikes me that in 1999 no one would have to suffer from …
Acute Salmonella problems in colored canaries. A large canary breeder in the south of our country (approx. 500 birds) was very recently confronted with a contagious disease in its birds. …
EsB 3 30% How long? wout van Gils. If a bird is sick, it always shows this, which is why it is recommended to keep a close eye on the …
Van der AART BIOSIL LIQUID.Against blood lice The only product based on silca powder (A BIOCIDE) that may be used to combat red mites since November 11, 2010. Biosil is …
Cure why if your bird is not sick Submitted. Of course, treatment for the sake of treatment is pointless. I am certainly against cures for the sake of cures. But …
Medication unit of measure. Powders 1 level coffee spoon: 2 g 1 full coffee spoon: 5 g 1 level soup spoon: 10 g 1 full soup spoon: 15 g Liquids. …
Atoxoplasmosis or lankesterella. Atoxoplasmosis is a form of coccidiosis. It is mainly a disease of young birds up to +/- 9 months and is usually unmistakable in its occurrence. Here …
diseases of birds. Submitted. To recognize a sick bird, one must first know how a healthy bird behaves. Abnormal behavior does not always have to indicate a sick bird, but …
What about Ivomec/remedies with Ivermectin Because Ivomec or products that contain the active ingredient Ivermectin but have a different manufacturer name (Panomec, oramec, etc.) are often mentioned here. Ivomec should …
Ivermectin treatment against red mites. Since Carbyril has been banned, many bird breeders now use ivermectin to treat red mites. The evermectin is available in different brands, I use the …
Trachea mite. Submitted Symptoms This mite is quite common in the Gouldian finch tomboy and canaries. Symptoms may include: 'smacking' sounds, squeaking and scratching sounds (hold the bird against your …
A scourge for our canaries – the blood louse. Alain louage. The name "red mite" is burned into the memories of our fanciers, but this name is misleading. After all, …
Feces an indication of diseases Submitted. A regular examination of the fecal [read excrement] can prevent a lot of trouble. After all, all too often infections of various kinds are …
The truth about black spot. · Een nachtmerrie voor elke geaarde kanariekweker die er mee te maken krijgt!Een fenomeen waarmee ik ongeveer 30 jaar geleden voor het eerst in contact …
What should you pay attention to when purchasing birds? Recognize and heal The purchased bird is immediately set aside in an exhibition cage for 14 days and then placed in …
***IMG0__ ** The feather mite and feather louse. Wout van Gils. A distinction must be made between feather lice and feather mites. Feather lice are found on birds, namely in …
Colibacillosis Colibacillosis or 'sweating sickness' is one of the most important forms of diarrhea and causes of nest mortality in canaries. Diarrhea in these young birds is often caused by …
Flagellates. In ornamental birds there are several types of protozoan parasites or flagellates that can cause disease. Trichomonas gallinae mainly occurs during the summer months in canaries and beautiful finches. …
Faults on the horn parts of Canary Birds: Wout van Gils In general there is not much to report about the horn parts of our canary birds, they are not …
Disinfecting breeding boxes and the bird enclosure. Wout van Gils Disinfecting your bird enclosure is a must, and it should never be skipped, because you are guaranteed to be billed …
Disinfecting breeding boxes and the bird enclosure. Disinfecting your bird enclosure is a must, and it should never be skipped, because you are guaranteed to be billed for it. It …
Fumigation: is fumigating a bird's enclosure usually with formaldehyde fumes. For this, the breeding loft must be made really airtight. Windows, doors, ventilation holes, must be closed with tape. The …
Ornithosis. This is one of the most important forms of diarrhea and nest death in canaries. Diarrhea in these young birds is often caused by malignant germs ( E. Coli …
* IMG0 __LINK1_** How can I get rid of red lice in my birds? The bird mite, also known colloquially as 'blood lice', generally occurs in bird species such as …
Coccidiosis — what now? — Coccidiosis is an infectious disease caused by coccidia: microscopic, single-celled organisms that undergo part of their development in the intestinal cells of a host — …
***IMG0__ ** Is it Coccidiosis or is it Atoxoplasmosis? General information: Coccidiosis and atoxoplasmosis fall into the category of "protozoan diseases". You may wonder: "What kind of creatures are these!" …
Digestive Disorders. The most common causes of Indigestion in cage birds are: 1. Lack of sufficient or correct minerals and/or vitamins. 1 . Deficiencies can arise if there is insufficient …
Disease symptoms in canary birds . Part 19 Possible causative agent. Very yellow watery stools. __LINK0_ * Weight loss - Diarrhea - Very thin and sharp sternum - sloppy feathering, …
Administering medicines to birds: Part 11. w.v.gils There are different ways to administer a medicine to a bird. What's the best way? This is the one that results in the …
Fumigants/pesticides: Part 10. Wout van Gils As has often been written, and one comes across it in all monthly magazines, always thoroughly disinfect and combat your cages. In other words, …
Preventing infectious diseases: Part 9. W.v. Gils. Avoid contact with newly purchased birds from other enthusiasts. Even if the newcomer looks healthy, the newcomer is first placed in *** quarantine …
Ground rules for the treatment of sick birds: Part 8 : Incl. Gils As already mentioned, the basic rule is “ PREVENTION IS BETTER THAN CURE “ we refer to …
Introduction: Healing and Care of Canary Birds: Part 2. Incl. Gils Every bird lover has had to deal with sick birds, unfortunately this is not possible without them. Sometimes this …
We can divide these diseases into two groups: 1. Infectious diseases. 2. Non-communicable diseases. 1) Infectious diseases. Atoxoplasmosis (fat liver disease) is one of the most common infectious diseases — …
A turning point in healthcare...(Antibiotics) The last major European fairs, especially those for pigeon racing in Kassel and Dortmund, marked a turning point. The government and the inspection services of …
Problems with your birds? What was the condition then? These two things are often inextricably linked. If there are problems, the condition of the birds is usually not optimal. The …
NEW: fight coccidiosis with a natural product! (Foniopaddy) Through a German fellow bird friend I came into contact with this new natural product against coccidiosis. He told me that he …
***IMG0__ ** Terramycin + polymyxin B eye ointment 3.5 gr This is an excellent remedy against all kinds of eye infections, mosquito bites and other injuries to legs, beak, eyes …
Bogena Finicoc To combat atoxoplasmosis and coccidiosis in canaries, tomboys and other songbirds. To combat coccidiosis in pigeons, cage and aviary birds. To combat coccidiosis and diarrhea in all rodents. …
Bacchus (against coccidiosis): Bacchus is a slightly newer agent that has a coccidiocidal effect: it actually kills the different stages of coccidia. The active ingredient is toltrazuril, which belongs to …
Wm-Forte. Wm-Forte is a commonly used product from Witte Molen , suitable for all ornamental birds. It is a water-soluble preparation with vitamins and trace elements, and has a high …
Theraprim (Intestinal and respiratory tract infection): Theraprim is a remedy against salmonellosis (sweating sickness) and bacterial intestinal and respiratory infections in ornamental birds. It is an antibiotic based on trimethoprim, …
Tiamutin (against black spot?): V al enthusiasts in Southern European countries had also been suffering from the black spot for a long time and had the problem investigated. In addition …
Perform. Homeopathy as a basis for good health. Homeopathy is a healing method based on the ideas of Samuel Hahnemann (1755–1843). She uses all kinds of natural herbs and substances …
Paracillin (against black spot?): Wout, ** I have been treating with Paracillin for 4 weeks before breeding for 5 days for years now. The recommended dosage is 10 to 20 …
Loco-SIGMANYCIN Against black spot? Black spot medication? (submitted) In the breeding year 2001 I had to throw away 80 young that were affected with black spot. With difficulty I managed …
Colicillin. Composition: Each ml of suspension contains: 100 mg ampicillin base (as trihydrate) 250,000 IU colistin sulphate Action: Ampicillin is a semi-synthetic penicillin with a broad bactericidal spectrum, active against …
Alaserine (Virbac): Alaserine is a broad spectrum antibiotic for birds. It comes in a glass bottle containing 50 small capsules, accompanied by an attachment (dispenser) into which the capsule fits. …
Gezasept. G ezasept is a product of Bephear and is effective against various infectious diseases such as intestinal disorders, colds and pneumonia in birds. This product also helps with the …
ESB3 30% E SB3 30% is a rapid-acting antimicrobial agent that interrupts the development cycle of coccidia, thus inhibiting their further growth. When used correctly, this preparation has no negative …
Koudijs dry disinfectant: A — Legal instructions for use. It is only permitted to be used as a disinfectant in well-sealed bird habitats. B — Instructions for use. When the …
Lysocur Loftspray Bird. (Comed) Misting cages also benefits our own health. Mist precipitates the aggressive particles of down and thus prevents them from being inhaled. Lysocur Loftspray is the ideal …
Disinfect and combat. Disinfectants and pesticides are necessary respectively to combat diseases and pests. Both substances have a different function. A disinfectant is used to purify a bird enclosure from …
Bath Salts Bird: (Comed) B water should never be withheld from our birds — every breeder knows that and will act accordingly. But something should also be added to the …
Halamid. Disinfectants: Halamid® Halamid is an officially approved disinfectant that derives its effectiveness from oxygen activated with the help of chlorine. The product is characterized by a high level of …
Javel — bleach: Chlorine-based bleach: eau de Javel. Eau de Javel is an aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite. Sodium hypochlorite (active chlorine) is a strongly oxidative substance that bleaches and …
Dettol: D ettol no longer needs to be introduced to any bird or animal lover - it is an excellent disinfectant with a proven bactericidal effect. It is therefore certainly …
Bac-Tov Stabilizer for birds. Features: Bac-ToV Stabilizer for birds stabilizes the environment and prevents infections. Safe for all surfaces and materials. Contains non-pathogenic bacteria. The positive bacterial effect makes disinfection …
Bac-Tov Cleaner for birds. Bac-TOV Cleaner is an extremely versatile and effective cleaner, enriched with enzymes and non-pathogenic bacteria. It prevents pathogenic bacteria from crossing the infection limit, making disinfection …
Errors in shape, feathering, etc. Wout van Gils Usually people write about how birds should be bred and what they should ideally look like. But anyone who breeds or exhibits …
***IMG0__ ** Turning point in care... (antibiotics.) Comed letter. The last major European fairs - albeit for pigeon racing, in Kassel and Dortmund - were a turning point. The government, …
Why an intestinal conditioner? Wout van Gils Anyone who has visited our major international exhibitions in recent years will see a clear trend: in addition to the familiar seed mixtures, …
ESB3 30%: how and when to donate? Withdrawn from market. I regularly receive emails about the use of ESB3, with the same questions always: what is it suitable for, when …
Liver diseases: Introduction. As a canary breeder you are probably familiar with the phenomenon: birds that sit a bit fat and insecure on the perch or on the bottom of …
To understand possible causes of changes in the appearance of bird droppings, some knowledge of the anatomy of a bird's digestive and urinary tract is indispensable. Most bird species have …
The sick bay. Wout van Gils. Whether a sick cage is useful or not, there will always be proponents and opponents of it. However, I personally believe that we should …
BAYCOX OR ESB3 — WHY AND WHEN? Wout van Gils Just as the intestinal conditioner has become established in canary breeding today, most breeders give a treatment with BAYCOX , …
Why an intestinal conditioner? Wout van Gils Anyone who has attended our major international exhibitions in recent years will see, in addition to the familiar seed mixtures, nest boxes, drinking …
Is my canary healthy? Wout van Gils. Many canary enthusiasts and breeders still struggle to judge whether their birds — or a newly purchased bird — are healthy or not. …
***IMG0__ ** The sweating sickness No, a canary can't sweat! It is a well-known slogan among canary breeders, but it is actually incorrect. A canary has no sweat glands — …
Timely detection of canary diseases . Wout van Gils It is very important to recognize in time when something is wrong with your birds. If you notice this early enough, …
Cureing birds — does this make sense? Wout van Gils. In my opinion, treatment for the sake of treatment is not necessary. I'm certainly not in favor of that. You …
The Trachea mite . Produces cracking and gurgling sounds. Introduction: Most bird watchers are familiar with this mite, but smaller breeders and people who just keep a few birds for …
Atoxoplasmosis or lankasterella Introduction: Atoxoplasmose is a form of coccidiosis, but a particularly dangerous one. It mainly affects young birds up to about 9 months old and its appearance is …
Coccidiosis — but better prevented: Introduction: One of the best-known diseases in our birds is coccidiosis. It is a protozoan condition, meaning it is caused by a protozoan — a …
Bird sitting thickly with stuffed feathers: Wout van Gils "Being fat" — which canary breeder doesn't know this saying? And the question immediately follows: why is that bird so stuffed …
***IMG0__ ** Keep your birds healthy without antibiotics : Wout van Gils: Introduction: Every bird breeder — including us canary breeders — wants to keep their birds as healthy as …
Examine your bird at the vet Introduction For years it was said at meetings, inspections and exhibitions: "What should I do with my canary bird at a vet?" To be …
Swollen abdomen and intestinal loops (coccidiosis) IMG0 Every bird lover has had to deal with it at some point — fortunately, more and more enthusiasts are aware that the cause …
The canary bird after its healing When a bird is sick, as fanciers we do everything we can to get it better — and we usually succeed. But sometimes a …
The breeder, the diseases and his birds Introduction As a breeder and keeper of canaries, you always try to keep your birds healthy — and preferably breed well: many young, …
Avitaminosis: a vitamin deficiency If a bird is sick, there may be various causes. A category that never actually needs to occur is the deficiency diseases . Strictly speaking, it …
IMG0 IMG1 Collibacillosis — the sweating sickness This is a disease that only affects nestlings and is clearly recognizable by very watery, yellow stools. The nursing pupa also looks dirty …
Eye infections Eye inflammation occurs in canaries, especially in birds with the recessive factor. It is relatively rare among experienced enthusiasts, but just not paying attention to nutrition or hygiene …
Avian Influenza — What Now? Following several emails about this disease, I looked up information to provide more clarity about avian influenza in aviary birds. Bird flu — officially avian …
IMG0 IMG1 Antibiotics: how do we deal with them? I regularly receive emails about the articles on my canary homepage — which is satisfying. Veterinarians and other professionals also send …
Fight coccidiosis with a natural product: Foniopaddy Through a German fellow bird friend I came into contact with this new natural product to combat coccidiosis. He told me about it …
Black dot (submitted) Dear bird lovers and canary breeders, Your website is full of useful tips for bird lovers. I would like to provide some additional comments and insights, because …
The effect of intestinal conditioning: Megabactin __LINK0_ * An important discovery was Megabactin: a plant-based biological product that keeps flat manure — regardless of the cause — under control. Megabactin …
Splayed legs do not have to occur Sometimes this is noticed during the breeding period — fortunately relatively rarely, but occasionally one hears it. If it is diagnosed in time, …
Canarypox: prevention is better than cure Wout van Gils (photo: J. v. d. Maelen) Let's hope it doesn't come to that — because that's not why you breed and care …
The trachea mite I regularly hear from fanciers that their birds make a grinding, squeaking or cracking sound. It's an irritating sound — and it certainly says something about the …
Digestive disorders The most common causes of indigestion in cage birds are a lack of sufficient or proper minerals and/or vitamins. As a grower and caretaker you must pay full …
Blue/black dot: cause and solution? Introduction This is not an article with the definitive solution to the black spot — but a write-up about a possible contribution to its reduction. …
My bird is making a squeaking and grinding noise It happens to every fancier: in the aviary, the indoor cage, the breeding cage or the exhibition cage you sometimes hear …
Recognize diseases in time Digestive disorders occur in various bird diseases. When a bird is sick, it always shows it. So careful observation remains the message — to prevent the …
Preventing diseases Every bird lover sooner or later is confronted with diseases or other ailments. This not only produces poor breeding results — it is also personally painful when a …
Basic rules for the prevention of diseases Prevention is better than cure — that certainly applies to our bird hobby. The basis is good nutrition and correct care. The main …
Lime feet in canary birds Lime feet sometimes occur in canaries — both in birds in aviaries and in cages. Older birds are slightly more susceptible to it than young …
The "black spot" in canaries Bird lovers regularly use medication. When used correctly, this has a good result without long-term adverse effects. Unfortunately, medications are sometimes misused — resulting in …
Is it coccidiosis or atoxoplasmosis? General information (submitted) Coccidiosis and atoxoplasmosis fall into the category of protozoan diseases. Protozoa are extremely small, single-celled organisms that live as parasites of a …
Diseases in canary birds 1. Diseases — a problem that everyone faces from time to time Actually, this section should be left to an expert veterinarian. Unfortunately, veterinarians who focus …
Cutting nails A few days before pairing — or before an exhibition — all birds should be checked for the length of their toenails and beaks. This is sometimes forgotten, …
The trachea mite The mite Sternostoma tracheacolum occurs in various bird species. Tracheal mites settle in the trachea and air sacs, causing breathing difficulties. Characteristic are a grinding or gurgling …
Lumps — who doesn't know it and doesn't want it Introduction Every grower who recognizes lumps does not want them. And anyone who has not yet consciously experienced it has …
The importance of the coccyx gland The coccyx gland is sometimes underestimated in our hobby. When you mention it, some enthusiasts look questioningly — but experienced growers know exactly how …
The feathers of our birds A bird's feathers are much more than a nice jacket. They also say something about the health of the bird. A breeder who knows his …
The position of the young bird in the egg The death of an almost adult bird in the egg can have various causes - much has already been written about …
The blood mites after the ban of carbaryl Introduction In recent years, one of the most frequently asked questions I receive — via the Internet, exhibitions and other venues — …
From Refona . Combat black louse and red louse with a natural enemy In recent years we have received many questions about a type of louse other than the blood …
IMG0 The fight against red mites begins again Introduction It is not my intention to write another extensive article about blood mites — everyone knows the disastrous consequences if you …
How is the condition of your birds? "Condition" — you may hear it more often in the sports world than in our hobby, but I would strongly disagree that it …
The plumage of our birds The most striking and at the same time most unique adaptation of birds for flight is undoubtedly their plumage. There is a lot to say …
Absurd — let's hope this is made up Brussels student lives on sparrows and canaries! Shocking but true: a Brussels student of Germanic philology has been living on a diet …
Fight coccidiosis with a natural product: Foniopaddy Through a German bird friend I came into contact with this natural product to combat coccidiosis. He told me he had excellent results …
IMG0 IMG1 The effect of an intestinal conditioning product: Megabactin (Comed) Megabactin Megabactin is a plant-based biological product that controls flat manure, regardless of the cause. It forms a kind …
Feather pecking can usually be prevented Feather pecking is a problem that almost every canary breeder is familiar with. Some enthusiasts are less affected by it than others, but everyone …
IMG0 Feather mites and lice – breeders and inspectors on the attack Introduction Feather mites and lice have been on the rise in recent years. More and more birds are …
Bird (dead) in hand. W.v.Gils. Which bird lover hasn't experienced it? You want to quickly catch a bird for inspection or for whatever reason — and before you know it …
Care of the feathering: Wout van Gils. The fact that a bird is careful with its feathering is clearly visible — both in nature and in the bird enclosure. The …
Faults on the horn parts of canary birds: Normally there is not much to say about the horn parts of our canary birds. They are not particularly striking in color: …
Canarypox: prevention is better than cure. Wout van Gils. (photo J. v. d. Maelen.) Let's hope it never comes to that — because that's not why you bred and cared …
Lice: disinfect and combat. It is often said, and rightly so, “Prevention is better than cure.” That certainly applies to this topic. I have to say that in 1999 no …
